Donald K. Freedheim (1932-2023).

Memorializes Donald K. Freedheim (1932-2023). Freedheim was a renowned child psychologist, respected professor, American Psychological Association (APA) leader, and gifted editor. He was widely known for his pioneering contributions to professional psychology and his gentle wisdom in personal interactions. He served as the founding director of the Schubert Center for Child Development at Case Western and on the boards of a number of youth-oriented nonprofits. His leadership in the Division of Psychotherapy (now Society for the Advancement of Psychotherapy) entailed a term as president (1988) and initiation of several pioneering projects in concert with APA. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

La Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional. Un recorrido desde su origen hasta la actualidad / Functional analytical psychotherapy. A journey from its origin to the present day

La Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional (FAP) es una terapia de conducta de tercera generación que emplea el análisis funcional de la conducta bajo la premisa de que el comportamiento del paciente en el contexto psicoterapéutico será funcionalmente equivalente a su conducta en su entorno natural. Kohlenberg y Tsai crearon este modelo terapéutico para abordar problemas relacionales de una forma experiencial, valiéndose de la operativización de aspectos de otros modelos, tales como las dinámicas transferenciales tradicionalmente descritas en el psicoanálisis. A lo largo de las décadas, FAP ha acumulado un amplio número de publicaciones que muestran su utilidad a la hora de abordar múltiples problemas clínicos, ya sea como terapia única o complementada con otras técnicas. En los últimos años han proliferado nuevos modelos y herramientas terapéuticas con el objetivo de solventar algunas de sus limitaciones. Asimismo, se ha ampliado el uso de FAP en el análisis e intervención de otras problemáticas, así como para enriquecer la formación de nuevos terapeutas gracias a la definición de metas terapéuticas específicas (AU)

The "therapeutic relationship": emergence, eclipse, and transformations of a social technology / A "relação terapêutica": surgimento, obscurecimento e transformações de uma tecnologia social

Abstract This essay situates the history of "the relationship" as a therapeutic technology within the broader context of changing social relations in the twentieth-century United States. More specifically, it outlines the emergence and subsequent diffusion of practices that aim to cultivate a social bond between therapist and patient that may serve as a psychotherapeutic tool. The article highlights the transformations of this technology as its institutional and epistemic foundations became challenged. Initially conceived as an "artificial" social relation designed to help with "personal adjustment," the therapeutic relationship was soon also deployed by non-experts and became a model for more healthful social relations. More recently, it has been fashioned as collaborative and combined with a range of other methods.

Resumo O artigo identifica a história da "relação terapêutica" como uma tecnologia inserida em um contexto mais amplo de relações sociais marcadas por mudanças nos EUA do século XX. Mais especificamente, sintetiza o surgimento e a subsequente difusão de práticas voltadas para o cultivo do vínculo social entre terapeuta e paciente que podem servir como ferramenta psicoterapêutica. O artigo destaca as transformações dessa tecnologia à medida que passam a ser contestados os alicerces institucionais e epistemológicos da psicoterapia. Em princípio concebida como uma relação social "artificial", criada para colaborar com o "ajuste pessoal", a relação terapêutica não tardou a ser aplicada também por não especialistas e se tornou um modelo para relações sociais mais saudáveis. Nos últimos tempos, passou a figurar como prática colaborativa e a ser associada a uma série de outros métodos.

Psychotherapy's identity crisis: opening reflections on the historiographies of psychotherapies / A crise de identidade da psicoterapia: reflexões sobre as historiografias das psicoterapias

Abstract This article introduces the work of the transcultural histories of psychotherapies network. Reflecting on the comparative lack of work here, it traces psychotherapies' identity crisis, focussing on nodal points such as the rise of the term, failed attempts to unify the field from Forel to Jung, and the rise of outcome studies. Finally, it situates histories of psychotherapies within the context of adjacent fields: the relation of the history of psychotherapy to the history of science, to Freud studies, to the history of religion and religious studies, to intellectual history, to the history of psychiatry, to the history of medicine, and its place within cultural history.

Resumo O artigo apresenta uma discussão acerca da produção de histórias transculturais da rede de psicoterapias. Reflete sobre a ausência de trabalhos comparativos na área, delineia a crise de identidade das psicoterapias, focaliza pontos nodais, como o surgimento do termo, as tentativas fracassadas de unificar o campo de Forel a Jung e a aparição de estudos de resultados. Finalmente, situa as histórias das psicoterapias no contexto de áreas adjacentes: a relação da história da psicoterapia com a história das ciências, os estudos de Freud, a história da religião e os estudos religiosos, a história intelectual, a história da psiquiatria, a história da medicina e seu lugar na história cultural.

Psicoterapia breve dinámica y su aplicación en pacientes con trastorno mental severo en una unidad de alta dependencia psiquiátrica / Brief dynamic psychotherapy and its application in patients with severe mental disorder in a high dependency psychiatric unit

El objetivo de este artículo es hacer una revisión de las principales características de la teoría y la técnica de la Psicoterapia Breve Psicoanalítica: conceptos básicos, historia,origen, diferentes definiciones, objetivos, indicaciones y contraindicaciones, así como lasmodificaciones en la técnica con sus característicaspropias y definitorias. Se muestrasu aplicabilidad y utilidad en una Unidad deAlta Dependencia Psiquiátrica (UADP), conresultados efectivos y eficientes en un entornoestructurado en el que paralelo a la psicoterapia,cada uno de los miembros de la Unidadejerce una función terapéutica necesariaen pacientes con un Trastorno Mental Severo.Por último se expone una experiencia en psicoterapia dinámica breve en nuestra UADP. (AU)

The goal of this article is to review the main characteristics of the theory and technique of Brief Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: basic concepts, history, origin, different definitions, objectives, indications and contraindications,as well as the modificationsin the technique with its own and definingcharacteristics. Its applicability and usefulnessin a Highly Dependent Psychiatric Unitis shown, with effective and efficient resultsin a structured environment, in which, in parallelto psychotherapy, each one of the Unitmembers exercises a necessary therapeuticfunction in patients with a severe mental disorder.Finally, an experience in brief dynamicpsychotherapy in our UADP is exposed. (AU)

Supporting the Patient on LSD Day.

Editor's note: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives over more than a century. These articles not only chronicle nursing's growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Today's nursing school curricula rarely include nursing's history, but it's a history worth knowing. To this end, From the AJN Archives highlights articles selected to fit today's topics and times. During the 1960s, the therapeutic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were studied in psychiatric clinical settings. In this February 1964 article, nurse Kay Parley writes enthusiastically about this work at one such research hospital. She describes the benefits of LSD therapy for patients with alcoholism, as well as the richness of the experience for the nurse who guides the patient through treatment. "No role is so welcomed on our psychiatric unit than that of 'sitting' with a patient during LSD therapy." Parley vividly describes the nurse's role in these treatments. Her own long hospitalization for "manic-depressive psychosis" and treatment with LSD undoubtedly framed her approach to this therapy. Today there is renewed interest in the therapeutic use of psychoactive substances such as LSD. Penn and colleagues provide an update in "Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy" in this issue.-Betsy Todd, MPH, RN.

Moreau de Tours: organicism and subjectivity. Part 2: Moreau as psychopathologist.

These two articles analyse the importance of J.J. Moreau de Tours' work and its influence on the development of descriptive psychopathology from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. The first article focused on biographical aspects and presented Moreau's main works in their social and cultural contexts. This second article critically analyses Moreau's contributions from different perspectives: epistemological, psychopathological, clinical, therapeutic, and it also discusses his role as a public figure.

[From counterculture to somatherapy: the creation and early development of an anarchist therapy]. / Da contracultura à somaterapia: a criação e o desenvolvimento inicial de uma terapia anarquista.

This work is part of a larger survey on how Roberto Freire's somatherapy emerged and developed from the counterculture of the 1970s, addressing the creation and initial development of somatherapy, starting from what is understood to be a "creation myth," an orderly and coherent narrative explaining the emergence of this therapy that is frequently repeated with few changes. Later narratives referring to the process of naming somatherapy are also examined, revealing inconsistencies and conflicts in the data that indicate the complexity of these processes and the authors' efforts to add order and legitimacy to this therapeutic technique.

Este trabalho faz parte de uma pesquisa maior, na qual se procura compreender como a somaterapia de Roberto Freire surgiu e se desenvolveu a partir da contracultura dos anos 1970. Abordam-se a criação e o desenvolvimento inicial da somaterapia, partindo do que se compreende ser um "mito de criação": uma narrativa ordenada e coerente que explica o surgimento da terapia e que aparece, de forma recorrente, com poucas alterações. Analisam-se, ainda, narrativas posteriores a esse período que remetem ao processo de nomeação da somaterapia. Nesta análise, são encontrados conflitos de dados e incongruências que indicam a complexidade desses processos e o esforço dos autores no sentido de ordenação e legitimação da técnica terapêutica.

Da contracultura à somaterapia: a criação e o desenvolvimento inicial de uma terapia anarquista / From counterculture to somatherapy: the creation and early development of an anarchist therapy

Resumo Este trabalho faz parte de uma pesquisa maior, na qual se procura compreender como a somaterapia de Roberto Freire surgiu e se desenvolveu a partir da contracultura dos anos 1970. Abordam-se a criação e o desenvolvimento inicial da somaterapia, partindo do que se compreende ser um "mito de criação": uma narrativa ordenada e coerente que explica o surgimento da terapia e que aparece, de forma recorrente, com poucas alterações. Analisam-se, ainda, narrativas posteriores a esse período que remetem ao processo de nomeação da somaterapia. Nesta análise, são encontrados conflitos de dados e incongruências que indicam a complexidade desses processos e o esforço dos autores no sentido de ordenação e legitimação da técnica terapêutica.

Abstract This work is part of a larger survey on how Roberto Freire's somatherapy emerged and developed from the counterculture of the 1970s, addressing the creation and initial development of somatherapy, starting from what is understood to be a "creation myth," an orderly and coherent narrative explaining the emergence of this therapy that is frequently repeated with few changes. Later narratives referring to the process of naming somatherapy are also examined, revealing inconsistencies and conflicts in the data that indicate the complexity of these processes and the authors' efforts to add order and legitimacy to this therapeutic technique.

"Look At It Carefully Now": Athenian Tragedy And The "Talking Cure".

It is often suggested that the Greek tragedians present clinically credible pictures of mental disturbance. For instance, some modern interpreters have compared the process by which Cadmus brings Agave back to sanity in Euripides' Bacchae with modern psychotherapy. But a reading of medical writers' views on the psychological dimension of medicine offers little evidence for believing that these scenes reflect the practices of late fifth-century Athenian doctors, for whom verbal cures are associated with older traditions of non-rational thought, and thus are scorned in favor of more "scientific cures" based on diet or medication. This paper will argue that Athenian tragedians, working from older traditions that advocated verbal cures for some mental ailments, do understand the potential psychological effects that their work can have on audiences, since tragedy requires psychological interaction with its audience in order to be effective. From a close reading of select scenes in Euripidean tragedy, this paper suggests that the experiences of the characters who experience suffering in Euripides' Heracles and Bacchae are analogues of the experiences undergone by the spectators of tragedy at large. Parallels are made between the way that Agave and Heracles are both talked back to sanity by looking upon what has happened, and the way that tragedians make their audiences observe lamentations and meditations that follow the central tragic act, to help them return from the intense emotion provoked, perhaps, by the violence they have seen.

[Danilo Perestrello and the psychosomatic medicine movement in Brazil: from theory to institutional acceptance]. / O movimento da medicina psicossomática no Brasil: a trajetória teórica e institucional de Danilo Perestrello.

In the 1950s, the psychosomatic medicine movement emerged in Brazil, led by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Danilo Perestrello. This article analyzes the strategies developed to configure this proposal and establish this field of study. From the beginning, this movement was characterized by a plan to reformulate medicine based on psychoanalytic theory and obtain favorable reception in institutions. During his career, Perestrello published articles and books with the intention of establishing a new way of thinking among physicians and worked at strategic institutions. His withdrawal from professional work due to a serious illness in 1976 was a factor contributing to the fragmentation of the psychosomatic movement in Brazil.

Na década de 1950, surgia o movimento da medicina psicossomática no Brasil, tendo como protagonista o psiquiatra e psicanalista Danilo Perestrello. A configuração dessa proposta e a análise das estratégias construídas para a formação desse campo disciplinar são o objeto deste estudo. Desde o início, esse movimento foi marcado por um projeto teórico-institucional de refundação da medicina sobre bases psicanalíticas e de institucionalização. Em sua trajetória, Perestrello publicou artigos e livros que tinham como intuito formar um novo estilo de pensamento entre os médicos, bem como a ocupação de instituições estratégicas. Seu afastamento profissional, devido a uma grave doença em 1976, representou um fator desagregador do movimento psicossomático no contexto brasileiro.

Ecstatic expeditions: Fischl Schneersohn's "science of man" between modern psychology and Jewish mysticism.

This article examines Fischl Schneersohn's (1887-1958) "science of man" as a psychotherapeutic approach situated between modern psychology and Chassidic mysticism. While almost forgotten today, Schneersohn was a prolific writer, well-known in Yiddish-speaking circles as a psychologist, educationalist, novelist, and psychotherapist. As a descendant of an important dynasty of Chassidic rebbes, he grew up inside the Chabad movement, but followed a secular career. The first part of this article traces Schneersohn's biography from the outskirts of the Russian empire to Germany, Poland, the United States, and Palestine, and shows how his upbringing and historical experiences shaped his psychological works and his self-understanding as educationalist and psychotherapist. The second part examines Schneersohn's main work, Studies in Psycho-Expedition, which blended Chassidic mysticism and contemporary psychology in a way that was both idiosyncratic and unique. The psycho-sociological "science of man" was a modern psychological and psychotherapeutic approach, using specific methods to gain knowledge about the human mind, and to counteract and treat mental disorders, neuroses, and nervousness. At the same time, however, it was deeply influenced by Chassidic mysticism; revolving around the assumption of a universal human need for spiritual ecstasy. Schneersohn universalised, secularised, and reframed elements of the Kabbalah as a modern psychotherapy. By examining an almost forgotten psychotherapeutic approach outside the mainstream in its specific historical context, this article contributes to the history of the connection between religion and the psy-disciplines, as well as to ongoing debates about the role of spirituality and ecstasy in psychology and psychotherapy.

O movimento da medicina psicossomática no Brasil: a trajetória teórica e institucional de Danilo Perestrello / Danilo Perestrello and the psychosomatic medicine movement in Brazil: from theory to institutional acceptance

Resumo Na década de 1950, surgia o movimento da medicina psicossomática no Brasil, tendo como protagonista o psiquiatra e psicanalista Danilo Perestrello. A configuração dessa proposta e a análise das estratégias construídas para a formação desse campo disciplinar são o objeto deste estudo. Desde o início, esse movimento foi marcado por um projeto teórico-institucional de refundação da medicina sobre bases psicanalíticas e de institucionalização. Em sua trajetória, Perestrello publicou artigos e livros que tinham como intuito formar um novo estilo de pensamento entre os médicos, bem como a ocupação de instituições estratégicas. Seu afastamento profissional, devido a uma grave doença em 1976, representou um fator desagregador do movimento psicossomático no contexto brasileiro.

Abstract In the 1950s, the psychosomatic medicine movement emerged in Brazil, led by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Danilo Perestrello. This article analyzes the strategies developed to configure this proposal and establish this field of study. From the beginning, this movement was characterized by a plan to reformulate medicine based on psychoanalytic theory and obtain favorable reception in institutions. During his career, Perestrello published articles and books with the intention of establishing a new way of thinking among physicians and worked at strategic institutions. His withdrawal from professional work due to a serious illness in 1976 was a factor contributing to the fragmentation of the psychosomatic movement in Brazil.

Arthur Schopenhauer and psychiatry 200 years after the publication of The World as Will and Representation (Idea).

In 2018 the academy will celebrate the 200th anniversary of the publication of the seminal work of Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860): The World as Will and Representation (Idea). Schopenhauer is known as the "philosopher of pessimism" and as the "psychologist of the will". His thinking is formally absent in the psychiatric education curricula, which could be enriched by the philosopher's work. Regarding psychiatry's theoretical foundations, Schopenhauer: a) anticipated several issues of species' origin and evolution, which are used in the contemporary understanding of disease development; b) anticipated some attributes of the psychodynamic and cognitive unconscious when referring to the irrational features of the will; c) foresaw the current concept of the embodied mind, which emphasizes the role of the body's structure and dynamics in cognition instead of that of a transcendental reason; d) proposed a simplified and heuristic model of mind, comprising the senses, understanding and reason; at a pragmatic level, particularly concerning psychotherapy, the philosopher e) stated that all human actions spring from three fundamental sources: egoism, malice and compassion; he also speculated about the role of unconscious repression in the genesis of mental illnesses; and finally, f) emphasized the ubiquity of suffering and the insatiability of desire, which unavoidably leads to egocentrism. In this regard he highly valued contemplation of art and nature as a way of dissociating knowledge from desire, and thus allowing the development of compassion and asceticism. This was considered by the philosopher to be "denial of the will", and a path for individual salvation and well-being. In contemporary psychiatry, this metaphysical proposal may be reformulated in terms of promoting cooperation and healthy austerity as a non-specific component of most psychotherapies and educational models. Schopenhauer's thinking may enrich psychiatric training and personal well-being.

Frantz Fanon, Institutional Psychotherapy, and the Decolonization of Psychiatry.

This article examines the role of psychiatry in the life and work of Frantz Fanon. It focuses on Fanon's relationship to institutional psychotherapy, which he discovered at the hospital of Saint-Alban through the figure of François Tosquelles. Institutional psychotherapy confirmed, on a clinical level, what Fanon had already intuited in his early work. If alienation was always political and psychic at the same time, then decolonization needed to involve the disalienation of the mind. This is precisely what Fanon tried to do in his psychiatric work in North Africa and in his last political texts.

Alfred Adler: eminent psychiatrist.

This year marks the 150th anniversary of the birth of Alfred Adler, a psychotherapist who is remembered as probably second only to Sigmund Freud in terms of his reputation and influence in the field of psychotherapy.

Therapy of the word and other psychotherapeutic approaches in Ancient Greek medicine.

One of the most distinctive aspects of contemporary psychiatry is its firm grounding in a neurological and biochemical framework for the interpretation of mental life and its disturbances. In the absence of any strong neurological understanding or systematic knowledge of active pharmaceutical substances, one might expect that early ancient medicine readily resorted to non-somatic approaches to healing mental suffering. Instead, what is usually labelled "therapy of the word" and other forms of what one may call psychotherapy emerge relatively late in Greek medicine, only in the first centuries of our era. This paper provides an overview and analysis of this development in ancient history of psychology, philosophy and medicine, covering a broad period of time from the fifth century BCE to the end of the late-antique period, the fifth century CE. The focus is on the very idea (or lack thereof) of the curability of mental disturbance, and on the particular branch of therapeutics which addresses the psychological and existential condition of the patient, rather than his or her physiological state.